IT managers should work with general counsel to develop and implement a plan for collecting and preserving electronic data in order to maintain a solid chain of custody. However, before even beginning to collect evidence and create the chain of custody, other potentially valuable evidence needs to be collected at the scene of the crime (in this ... May 16, 2023 · What is preservation of evidence? Preservation of evidence is the process of saving information that may be relevant to a potential or ongoing lawsuit so that it cannot be altered, lost, or destroyed. In other words, evidence preservation is the active avoidance of spoliation. Mar 16, 2017 · A party’s duty to preserve evidence is triggered once litigation is reasonably anticipated . The duty extends to any evidence that a party: is relevant to the anticipated action, including electronically stored information. The failure to preserve relevant evidence, also known as the spoliation of evidence, may result in the imposition of ... Jul 8, 2022 · Highlights. (1) The Nursing workforce in emergency services contributes to preserve forensic traces. (2) There is a gap in Brazilian evidence on the preservation of traces in emergency services. (3) Traces on the victim’s body and objects can be preserved by Nursing. (4) Forensic traces found by Nursing in the emergency services must be ... Preservation of evidence means the government must maintain the integrity of the evidence for later testing or analysis. To do this, property and evidence custodians must keep accurate and complete chain-of-custody records, properly store the evidence, and prevent contamination, damage to, or destruction of the evidence.Collection, Packaging, Storage, Preservation, and Retrieval of Biological Evidence. Page 2 of 8. Effective Date: 10/30/2012 . Training on these andother topics can provide further insight as to the item types and locations of possible biological material. Items Which Should Not Be Considered As Biological Evidence for the Purpose of this Statute Sep 1, 2021 · collection, preservation, storage and transportatio n of the biological evidence, failure to obtain appropriat e DNA analysis results and di minish its value befo re the court of law. Many factors ... What is preservation of evidence? Preservation of evidence is the process of saving information that may be relevant to a potential or ongoing lawsuit so that it cannot be altered, lost, or...Feb 23, 2023 · Spoliation is the intentional destruction or alteration of evidence by the party who holds data that can be used against them. A spoliation letter, also known as a litigation hold or preservation letter, is a legal document in the form of a notice to an opposing party. The letter requests the party (a company, individual, or third-party) to ... Collection, Packaging, Storage, Preservation, and Retrieval of Biological Evidence. Page 2 of 8. Effective Date: 10/30/2012 . Training on these andother topics can provide further insight as to the item types and locations of possible biological material. Items Which Should Not Be Considered As Biological Evidence for the Purpose of this Statute May 31, 2009 · This handbook is intended as a guide to recommended practices for the collection and preservation of evidence at fire/arson scenes. [1] Follow Agency Policies! Actions taken following these guides should be performed in accordance with department policies and procedures and federal and state laws. Jurisdictional, logistical or legal conditions may preclude the use of particular procedures ... Feb 16, 2023 · Determining when spoliation occurs is not so easy. To complicate matters, Massachusetts courts have historically applied seemingly inconsistent rules. Some cases indicated that the duty to preserve evidence arose when litigation was merely “possible.”. Others suggested that only when litigation was “likely” did the duty to preserve kick in. Jul 8, 2022 · Highlights. (1) The Nursing workforce in emergency services contributes to preserve forensic traces. (2) There is a gap in Brazilian evidence on the preservation of traces in emergency services. (3) Traces on the victim’s body and objects can be preserved by Nursing. (4) Forensic traces found by Nursing in the emergency services must be ... The Biological Evidence Preservation Handbook offers guidance for individuals involved in the collection, examination, tracking, packaging, storing, and disposition of biological evidence. This may include crimeMay 16, 2023 · What is preservation of evidence? Preservation of evidence is the process of saving information that may be relevant to a potential or ongoing lawsuit so that it cannot be altered, lost, or destroyed. In other words, evidence preservation is the active avoidance of spoliation. Dec 1, 2017 · preservation obligations before receiving a subpoena Although a subpoenaed non-party must preserve evidence that it reasonably expects is responsive to the subpoena, a non-party’s duty to preserve ESI in the face of a boilerplate preservation demand when no litigation is pending is less clear. Mar 14, 2019 · A preservation letter is a notice given to the defendant that you can send as the injured person to ask that they preserve any evidence they have. This letter shouldn’t be unreasonable but can be used to ask that they preserve any video, photographs, witness statements, or other types of evidence. These letters can be used in car accident ... We request that all evidence related and even potentially-related to the claim be preserved. This preservation request seeks to preserve the greatest possible amount of evidence related to the claim. Please preserve all communications with our client, witnesses, and other persons and entities. This request includes but is not limited to letters ... Nov 10, 2001 · Spoliation of evidence, which is sometimes referred to as “spoilation” or “destruction of evidence,” is a cause of action which holds someone liable for negligently or intentionally destroying material which is needed as evidence in litigation. Since 1990, it has been a very powerful tool in the arsenal of litigants and has forced some ... The preservation of digital evidence (DE) presents unique problems beyond traditional evidence preservation. This document addresses considerations related to the preservation of digital evidence. This document is part of a series on evidence management and its primary audience is evidence management professionals. We request that all evidence related and even potentially-related to the claim be preserved. This preservation request seeks to preserve the greatest possible amount of evidence related to the claim. Please preserve all communications with our client, witnesses, and other persons and entities. This request includes but is not limited to letters ... For purposes of this rule: (1) A “preservation request” is a written notice to a party or nonparty requesting that the recipient preserve electronically stored information for possible use in pending or anticipated litigation. The preservation request may, but need not, relate to anticipated litigation against the nonparty. May 19, 2023 · What is preservation of evidence? Preservation of evidence is the process of saving information that may be relevant to a potential or ongoing lawsuit so that it cannot be altered, lost, or... Aug 6, 2020 · The failure to preserve potentially relevant evidence for an ongoing or reasonably foreseeable litigation is known as spoliation. Courts can sanction parties for spoliation, and generally impose sanctions when: The party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it when it was destroyed or altered; and. The party destroying ... Dec 1, 2017 · preservation obligations before receiving a subpoena Although a subpoenaed non-party must preserve evidence that it reasonably expects is responsive to the subpoena, a non-party’s duty to preserve ESI in the face of a boilerplate preservation demand when no litigation is pending is less clear. Jan 23, 2014 · Summary. Businesses must understand their obligation to preserve all potentially relevant evidence, and since the ubiquity of social media makes it an unrivaled source of evidence, social media should be preserved in the same way as paper documents and emails. Since parties in litigation are entitled to discovery of all relevant, non-privileged ... Jan 1, 2023 · Next ». (a) One who desires to perpetuate testimony or preserve evidence for the purposes set forth in Section 2035.010 shall file a verified petition in the superior court of the county of the residence of at least one expected adverse party, or, if no expected adverse party is a resident of the State of California, in the superior court of a ... evidence function before the end of the officer’s shift. If the Evidence Technician is unavailable, the evidence shall be placed within the designated property/evidence storage locker [CFA 28.01 B.]. 3. If the Shift Supervisor summons an investigator or evidence technician to the crime scene, the A private person or entity does not have an obligation to preserve evidence, unless they were formally working for or with a law enforcement agency. (An example might be a scientific lab that is regularly retained by the prosecutor’s office to examine evidence.) However, most government agents have a responsibility to preserve evidence. Aug 6, 2020 · The failure to preserve potentially relevant evidence for an ongoing or reasonably foreseeable litigation is known as spoliation. Courts can sanction parties for spoliation, and generally impose sanctions when: The party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it when it was destroyed or altered; and. The party destroying ... EBSA investigations require the collection and preservation of evidence including plan records, company and union records, bank records, reports of interview (RIs), signed statements, and related work papers. To assure that the value of electronic and physical evidence is not impaired or destroyed, the Investigator/Auditor (I/A) must ensure ... Nov 10, 2001 · Spoliation of evidence, which is sometimes referred to as “spoilation” or “destruction of evidence,” is a cause of action which holds someone liable for negligently or intentionally destroying material which is needed as evidence in litigation. Since 1990, it has been a very powerful tool in the arsenal of litigants and has forced some ... Digital Evidence Preservation: Considerations for Evidence Handlers addresses considerations related to the preservation of digital evidence. This document is part of a series on evidence management and its primary audience is evidence management professionals.May 7, 2023 · In her 2017 State of Judiciary, the Chief Judge explained the reason for Guide: "New York is one of the very few states that does not have a statutory code of evidence. Our law of evidence is scattered throughout thousands of judicial decisions, statutory provisions and court rules. For judges and lawyers, this is both frustrating and inefficient. May 7, 2023 · In her 2017 State of Judiciary, the Chief Judge explained the reason for Guide: "New York is one of the very few states that does not have a statutory code of evidence. Our law of evidence is scattered throughout thousands of judicial decisions, statutory provisions and court rules. For judges and lawyers, this is both frustrating and inefficient. What is preservation of evidence? Preservation of evidence is the process of saving information that may be relevant to a potential or ongoing lawsuit so that it cannot be altered, lost, or...Collection and Preservation of Evidence General Evidentiary Considerations. Accountability for Electronic and Physical Evidence. EBSA investigations require the... Accountability for Electronic and Physical Evidence. EBSA investigations require the collection and preservation of... Federal Rules of ...Collection, Packaging, Storage, Preservation, and Retrieval of Biological Evidence. Page 2 of 8. Effective Date: 10/30/2012 . Training on these andother topics can provide further insight as to the item types and locations of possible biological material. Items Which Should Not Be Considered As Biological Evidence for the Purpose of this Statute Preservation letters As to your own client: A. Notifies them of the duty to preserve evidence. • i. Which minimizes the risk of spoliation sanctions against them; and • ii. Mitigates the attorney’s risk of sanctions by the court or a malpractice action from his own client for failure to advise the client of the duty to preserve evidence. Preservation of evidence means the government must maintain the integrity of the evidence for later testing or analysis. To do this, property and evidence custodians must keep accurate and complete chain-of-custody records, properly store the evidence, and prevent contamination, damage to, or destruction of the evidence.Sep 16, 2014 · Digital Evidence Preservation: Considerations for Evidence Handlers addresses considerations related to the preservation of digital evidence. This document is part of a series on evidence management and its primary audience is evidence management professionals. Aug 1, 2013 · The legal system takes a dim view of the careless or intentional loss of evidence, because the absence of relevant evidence undermines the integrity of the judicial system. Preservation of evidence has become more complicated in recent years because of society’s increasing reliance upon electronic communications. Aug 3, 2020 · Russ (2008) 167 Cal.app.4 th 1215, “spoliation of evidence” is the destruction or significant alteration of evidence, or the failure to preserve evidence for another’s use in pending or future litigation.” This conduct is condemned because it can destroy fairness and justice, for it increases the risk of an erroneous decision on the ... Dec 1, 2017 · preservation obligations before receiving a subpoena Although a subpoenaed non-party must preserve evidence that it reasonably expects is responsive to the subpoena, a non-party’s duty to preserve ESI in the face of a boilerplate preservation demand when no litigation is pending is less clear. What is preservation of evidence? Preservation of evidence is the process of saving information that may be relevant to a potential or ongoing lawsuit so that it cannot be altered, lost, or...Jul 8, 2022 · Highlights. (1) The Nursing workforce in emergency services contributes to preserve forensic traces. (2) There is a gap in Brazilian evidence on the preservation of traces in emergency services. (3) Traces on the victim’s body and objects can be preserved by Nursing. (4) Forensic traces found by Nursing in the emergency services must be ... The Biological Evidence Preservation Handbook offers guidance for individuals involved in the collection, examination, tracking, packaging, storing, and disposition of biological evidence. This may include crimeNov 10, 2001 · Spoliation of evidence, which is sometimes referred to as “spoilation” or “destruction of evidence,” is a cause of action which holds someone liable for negligently or intentionally destroying material which is needed as evidence in litigation. Since 1990, it has been a very powerful tool in the arsenal of litigants and has forced some ... Sep 10, 2020 · Both seek the preservation of evidence, and both are best when clear, specific and instructive. Both must go out when you know less than you’d like about sources of potentially responsive information. Finally, both tend to receive minimal thought before dissemination, resulting in easily ignored, boilerplate forms crowding out artfully ... Mar 16, 2017 · A party’s duty to preserve evidence is triggered once litigation is reasonably anticipated . The duty extends to any evidence that a party: is relevant to the anticipated action, including electronically stored information. The failure to preserve relevant evidence, also known as the spoliation of evidence, may result in the imposition of ... concluded that the plaintiff did not seek preservation of evidence that would be unavailable otherwise. Storck at 58. “[Rule 27] is not designed to allow pre-complaint discovery. . . . A Rule 27(a) deposition may not be used as a substitute for discovery.” Id. (citations omitted). Jun 1, 2019 · LEXIS 279 (Pa.Super. Mar. 27, 2019), a recent Superior Court decision, creates unsettling law on the preservation of video surveillance evidence and spoliation. In Pennsylvania, spoliation of evidence is defined as “the non-preservation or significant alteration of evidence for pending or future litigation.”. Pyeritz v. September 8, 2022. Author (s) Barbara Guttman, Douglas R. White, Shannan Williams, Tracy Walraven. Abstract. The preservation of digital evidence (DE) presents unique problems beyond traditional evidence preservation. This document addresses considerations related to the preservation of digital evidence.Mar 14, 2019 · A preservation letter is a notice given to the defendant that you can send as the injured person to ask that they preserve any evidence they have. This letter shouldn’t be unreasonable but can be used to ask that they preserve any video, photographs, witness statements, or other types of evidence. These letters can be used in car accident ... evidence that (1) is reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence, (2) is reasonably likely to be requested during discovery, or (3) is the subject of a pending discovery motion should be preserved. C. Who must preserve? The “party” with possession, custody, or control of the evidence should ensure it is Feb 16, 2023 · Determining when spoliation occurs is not so easy. To complicate matters, Massachusetts courts have historically applied seemingly inconsistent rules. Some cases indicated that the duty to preserve evidence arose when litigation was merely “possible.”. Others suggested that only when litigation was “likely” did the duty to preserve kick in. Mar 16, 2017 · A party’s duty to preserve evidence is triggered once litigation is reasonably anticipated . The duty extends to any evidence that a party: is relevant to the anticipated action, including electronically stored information. The failure to preserve relevant evidence, also known as the spoliation of evidence, may result in the imposition of ... Which action most accurately reflects the preservation of evidence? A. Collect the sheet from the emergency medical services stretcher and hospital stretcher. B. When removing clothing, cut through damaged areas to preserve gun residue. C. After the clothing is removed, pick up each piece and place it in a separate plastic bag. D. Oct 7, 2020 · She viewed the move as a demotion and consulted a lawyer who sent the company a demand for preservation of evidence. The employee later quit and sued her former employer. However, pursuant to company policy, and despite receipt of the document preservation notice, the company deleted the employee’s email 90 days after she left. III. EVIDENCE PRESERVATION & SPOLIATION. A party’s duty to preserve evidence in a civil case has received a lot of attention from Texas courts recently. In 2003, the Texas Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether a party has a duty to preserve material evidence in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Johnston, 106 S.W3d, 718, 722 (Tex. 2003). In that ... The preservation of digital evidence (DE) presents unique problems beyond traditional evidence preservation. This document addresses considerations related to the preservation of digital evidence. This document is part of a series on evidence management and its primary audience is evidence management professionals. Preservation of evidence means the government must maintain the integrity of the evidence for later testing or analysis. To do this, property and evidence custodians must keep accurate and complete chain-of-custody records, properly store the evidence, and prevent contamination, damage to, or destruction of the evidence. Oct 22, 2015 · A preservation of evidence request is designed to allow the letter recipient to preserve evidence, whether or not they are aware of the lawsuit or not. How it Works. There can be a number of ways that the preservation of evidence letter is initiated. One example is when a lawyer may issue a demand for preservation of evidence letter during the ... Jun 2, 2020 · The fundamental importance of digital evidence preservation is quite clear. Through this article, we want to highlight the necessity to follow a series of steps in order to preserve digital evidence, as even a small inattentive move could lead to a loss of evidence and the break of a case. In this article, we will be covering the following topics: Abstract. For five types of evidence— drugs, firearms, glass, paint, and tool marks—the processes of identification, collection, and preservation were explained. For each type, it was established how to detect relevant evidence at the crime scene and judge its importance for further investigation. Also, necessary precautions and appropriate ... Jun 2, 2020 · The fundamental importance of digital evidence preservation is quite clear. Through this article, we want to highlight the necessity to follow a series of steps in order to preserve digital evidence, as even a small inattentive move could lead to a loss of evidence and the break of a case. In this article, we will be covering the following topics: What is preservation of evidence? Preservation of evidence is the process of saving information that may be relevant to a potential or ongoing lawsuit so that it cannot be altered, lost, or...For purposes of this rule: (1) A “preservation request” is a written notice to a party or nonparty requesting that the recipient preserve electronically stored information for possible use in pending or anticipated litigation. The preservation request may, but need not, relate to anticipated litigation against the nonparty. The Handbook on Biological Evidence Preservation: Best Practices for Evidence Handlers. (PDF) Biological Evidence Preservation: Considerations for Policy Makers (PDF) Images. Biological Evidence Disposition Guidelines (PDF) Biological Evidence Retention Guidelines (PDF) Biological Evidence Storage Conditions Poster (PDF) Related Documents.A private person or entity does not have an obligation to preserve evidence, unless they were formally working for or with a law enforcement agency. (An example might be a scientific lab that is regularly retained by the prosecutor’s office to examine evidence.) However, most government agents have a responsibility to preserve evidence. Preservation of Evidence From crime scene to forensic laboratory to courtroom , all evidence must be inventoried and secured to preserve its integrity. Crime scene evidence admissibility ln court is predicated upon an unbroken chain or custody. it is important to demonstrate that the evidence introduced at trial is the same evidence collected ... Feb 5, 2021 · The whole criminal justice system would come to a halt. Therefore preservation and maintenance of such evidence become utmost necessary so that such evidence doesn’t lose its true nature, especially during the investigation and proceeding recently an official data revealed that CBI’s conviction has declined from 71% in 2010 to 68% in 2019. What is preservation of evidence? Preservation of evidence is the process of saving information that may be relevant to a potential or ongoing lawsuit so that it cannot be altered, lost, or...Oct 4, 2022 · 4. General Collection and Preservation of Document Evidence . 152. Document evidence can be examined for source attribution, the presence of hidden writing, 153. latent indented writing (e.g. blank pages), impressions, fracture matching, or alteration . 154. detection. Proper collection, handling, and storage can preserve potential evidentiary ... Feb 16, 2023 · Determining when spoliation occurs is not so easy. To complicate matters, Massachusetts courts have historically applied seemingly inconsistent rules. Some cases indicated that the duty to preserve evidence arose when litigation was merely “possible.”. Others suggested that only when litigation was “likely” did the duty to preserve kick in. Preservation of Evidence. The following steps will be taken to preserve evidence: do not move anything unless absolutely necessary. to the extent possible, avoid contaminating evidence. photograph or video record the scene as well as individual objects before moving anything. protect forensic evidence from the elements. IT managers should work with general counsel to develop and implement a plan for collecting and preserving electronic data in order to maintain a solid chain of custody. However, before even beginning to collect evidence and create the chain of custody, other potentially valuable evidence needs to be collected at the scene of the crime (in this ... Collection and Preservation of Evidence General Evidentiary Considerations. Accountability for Electronic and Physical Evidence. EBSA investigations require the... Accountability for Electronic and Physical Evidence. EBSA investigations require the collection and preservation of... Federal Rules of ...Jun 20, 2015 · “(1) threats to preservation of the evidence, (2) 12 irreparable harm likely to result to the party seeking preservation, and (3) the 13 capability of the custodian to maintain the evidence sought to be preserved.” Rail Mgmt. v. Sultanov, 2017 WL 67119, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 6, 2017). evidence function before the end of the officer’s shift. If the Evidence Technician is unavailable, the evidence shall be placed within the designated property/evidence storage locker [CFA 28.01 B.]. 3. If the Shift Supervisor summons an investigator or evidence technician to the crime scene, the Aug 6, 2020 · The failure to preserve potentially relevant evidence for an ongoing or reasonably foreseeable litigation is known as spoliation. Courts can sanction parties for spoliation, and generally impose sanctions when: The party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it when it was destroyed or altered; and. The party destroying ... Digital Evidence Preservation: Considerations for Evidence Handlers addresses considerations related to the preservation of digital evidence. This document is part of a series on evidence management and its primary audience is evidence management professionals.The Biological Evidence Preservation Handbook offers guidance for individuals involved in the collection, examination, tracking, packaging, storing, and disposition of biological evidence. This may include crimeJun 17, 2020 · PDF. In a landmark decision, the Pennsylvania Superior Court ruled on the critical issue of failing to preserve evidence and created an important carve out to the prior case law on this important evidentiary issue. This closely watched decision has been the subject of much discussion. “In many instances, a business’ failure to maintain or ... Preservation of evidence means the government must maintain the integrity of the evidence for later testing or analysis. To do this, property and evidence custodians must keep accurate and complete chain-of-custody records, properly store the evidence, and prevent contamination, damage to, or destruction of the evidence. For purposes of this rule: (1) A “preservation request” is a written notice to a party or nonparty requesting that the recipient preserve electronically stored information for possible use in pending or anticipated litigation. The preservation request may, but need not, relate to anticipated litigation against the nonparty. Jul 31, 2015 · Preserve evidence or be subject to sanctions. By Jennifer Braster. The case of Quraishi v. Port Authority of N.Y. demonstrates the importance of pre-litigation preservation of evidence and making sure both counsel and the client have a correct understanding of the client’s preservation measures to avoid claims of spoliation. Quraishi v.
AUTHENTICATION AND IDENTIFICATION … 901. The provisions of this Title 225 adopted May 8, 1998, effective October 1, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 2369; rescinded and replaced January 17, 2013, effective in sixty days, 43 Pa.B. 620, unless otherwise noted. This material has been drawn directly from the official Pennsylvania Code full text database. . 1dl code on goodman furnace
For purposes of this rule: (1) A “preservation request” is a written notice to a party or nonparty requesting that the recipient preserve electronically stored information for possible use in pending or anticipated litigation. The preservation request may, but need not, relate to anticipated litigation against the nonparty. Oct 4, 2022 · 4. General Collection and Preservation of Document Evidence . 152. Document evidence can be examined for source attribution, the presence of hidden writing, 153. latent indented writing (e.g. blank pages), impressions, fracture matching, or alteration . 154. detection. Proper collection, handling, and storage can preserve potential evidentiary ... preservation. The Biological Evidence Preservation Handbook offers guidance for individuals involved in the collection, examination, tracking, packaging, storing, and disposition of biological evidence. This may include crime scene technicians, law enforcement officers, healthcare professionals, forensic scientists, forensic Aug 6, 2020 · The failure to preserve potentially relevant evidence for an ongoing or reasonably foreseeable litigation is known as spoliation. Courts can sanction parties for spoliation, and generally impose sanctions when: The party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it when it was destroyed or altered; and. The party destroying ... May 7, 2023 · In her 2017 State of Judiciary, the Chief Judge explained the reason for Guide: "New York is one of the very few states that does not have a statutory code of evidence. Our law of evidence is scattered throughout thousands of judicial decisions, statutory provisions and court rules. For judges and lawyers, this is both frustrating and inefficient. Feb 16, 2023 · Determining when spoliation occurs is not so easy. To complicate matters, Massachusetts courts have historically applied seemingly inconsistent rules. Some cases indicated that the duty to preserve evidence arose when litigation was merely “possible.”. Others suggested that only when litigation was “likely” did the duty to preserve kick in. Please retain all this evidence. A number of court decisions have permitted court sanctions or “destruction of evidence” lawsuits where a party permanently alters important evidence after receiving written notice of a claim that also requests preservation of evidence. Unless I have your written explanation to the contrary Preservation of Evidence From crime scene to forensic laboratory to courtroom , all evidence must be inventoried and secured to preserve its integrity. Crime scene evidence admissibility ln court is predicated upon an unbroken chain or custody. it is important to demonstrate that the evidence introduced at trial is the same evidence collected ... Oct 22, 2015 · A preservation of evidence request is designed to allow the letter recipient to preserve evidence, whether or not they are aware of the lawsuit or not. How it Works. There can be a number of ways that the preservation of evidence letter is initiated. One example is when a lawyer may issue a demand for preservation of evidence letter during the ... Jul 8, 2022 · Highlights. (1) The Nursing workforce in emergency services contributes to preserve forensic traces. (2) There is a gap in Brazilian evidence on the preservation of traces in emergency services. (3) Traces on the victim’s body and objects can be preserved by Nursing. (4) Forensic traces found by Nursing in the emergency services must be ... .